A Summary of Chansons de Geste

A Summary of Chansons de Geste The chansons de geste (songs of deeds) were Old French epic poems centering around heroic historical figures. Dealing primarily with events of the 8th and 9th centuries, chansons de geste focused on real individuals, but with a large infusion of legend. Those chansons that survive in manuscript form, of which there are more than 80, date to the 12th through 15th centuries. Whether they were composed then or survived in oral tradition from the 8th and 9th centuries is under dispute. The authors of only a few of the poems are known; the vast majority were written by anonymous poets. Poetic Form of the Chansons de Geste A chanson de geste was composed in lines of 10 or 12 syllables, grouped into irregular rhyming stanzas called laisses. Earlier poems had more assonance than rhyme. The length of the poems ranged from about 1,500 to 18,000 lines. Chanson de Geste Style The earliest poems are highly heroic in both theme and spirit, focusing on feuds or epic battles and on the legal and moral aspects of loyalty and allegiance. Elements of courtly love appeared after the 13th century, and ​enfances (childhood adventures) and the exploits of ancestors and descendants of the main characters were related, as well. The Charlemagne Cycle A large proportion of the chansons de geste revolves around Charlemagne. The emperor is depicted as the champion of Christendom against pagans and Muslims, and he is accompanied by his court of Twelve Noble Peers. These include Oliver, Ogier the Dane, and Roland. The most well-known chanson de geste, and possibly the most important, is the Chanson de Roland, or Song of Roland. Charlemagne legends are known as the matter of France. Other Chanson Cycles In addition to the Charlemagne Cycle, there is a group of 24 poems centering on Guillaume dOrange, a supporter of Charlemagnes son Louis, and another cycle about the wars of powerful French barons. Influence of Chansons de Geste The chansons influenced medieval literary production throughout Europe. Spanish epic poetry owed a clear debt to the chansons de geste, as is most notably demonstrated by the 12th-century epic Cantar de mio Cid (Song of my Cid). The incomplete epic Willehalm by the 13th-century German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach was based on the stories told in the chansons of Guillaume dOrange. In Italy, tales about Roland and Oliver (Orlando and Rinaldo) abounded, culminating in the Renaissance epics Orlando innamorato by Matteo Boiardo and Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. The matter of France was an essential element of French literature for centuries, influencing both prose and poetry well beyond the Middle Ages.

Love. Spare Time Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Spare Time - Case Study Example Furthermore, many businesses have been seen to make cost leadership their strategy, business such as Wal-Mart adhere to cost leadership in order to differentiate and maintain their competitive advantage, but Mark does not want to opt for that option either. The fact that no other retailer within a five-mile radius offers the brands being offered by Mark is an edge Mark has over the other retailers if the quality of the brands being offered by him is perceived to be superior by his customers. Even then it is just a matter of time till the growing trend of e-commerce engulfs this point of differentiation of Spare Time Equipment. The facts stated above show that as of now, Spare Time Equipment does not have a sustainable competitive advantage and customers do not come to an outlet just to make friends and build relationships. One thing which Mark has been doing right is to try and differentiate himself on the basis of the service Spare Time Equipment provides over other retailers, the tagline â€Å"We do it right the first time† is attention grabbing and has a feel of excellence in business. As mentioned above, most of Mark’s experience has been in the services sector; therefore differentiating on the basis of providing good service seems very apt and achievable. However, in order for people to avail the services at Spare Time Equipment it is essential for people to first buy the product for which Mark needs to become more flexible. Some amount of consumer promotion to introduce the product with the customers would do more good to Mark than harm. Promotions of limited time discount offers could be run on the radio spots and print ads which Mark has previously used to create awareness about Spare Time Equipment. This would help increase customer traffic at Spare Time Equipment and then it wo uld be up to the sales staff to seal the deal. If Mark does not want to reduce the price of his

CSI and the Post Modern Body Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CSI and the Post Modern Body - Assignment Example Therefore, it may not be fully dependable for the development of forensic science, as it seems more fictional. The CSI emphasizes more on the role of forensic science, including the relationships of DNA while undertaking investigations, while attaching less significance to the role of informers or even the detectives’ work (Harrington, 2007). The foundation of CSI is based on the fact that the identity given by the DNA tests undertaken is indisputable and accurately points to the suspect, regardless of the fact that the body could be mutilated. Most significant is the fact that it is impossible to accurately determine the actual gender of the victim, without the application of science. Therefore, the case of identity of the suspect becomes a puzzle to solve, up until the forensic science is applied, which identifies the suspect as a man, who has been living as a woman conducting surgeries and killing the victims (Harrington, 2007). The strength of the argument presented here is the fact that science is the undisputable basis of presenting an accurate identity of the individuals involved in crime. This is because; through forensic science, where the DNA of the suspects involved can be traced, then the real identity of those involved can be unquestionably noted (Harrington, 2007). Considering that through transsexual surgeries, the gender of an individual can be changed, then, it makes the investigations through detectives more complicated. This is because, while the investigation could point to the suspect of the crime from a certain gender, then tracing them would be difficult since they can change that. However, through forensic science, the real identity will always remain, as the DNA of an individual can never be changed (Harrington, 2007). Thus, the argument presents science as the basis of providing society with the unbiased truth of identity. The role of the detectives,

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Example for Free

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Scientists are finally beginning to understand one of life’s enduring mysteries why women live, on average, longer than men. The new research describes how mutations to the DNA of the mitochondria can account for differences in the life expectancy of males and females. Mitochondria, which exist in almost all animal cells, are vital for life because they convert our food into the energy that powers the body. Dr Damian Dowling and PhD student Florencia Camus, from Monash School of Biological Sciences in the U. S., worked with Dr David Clancy from Lancaster University to uncover differences in longevity and biological ageing across male and female fruit flies that carried mitochondria of different origins. They found that genetic variation across these mitochondria were reliable predictors of life expectancy in males, but not in females. Dr Dowling said the results point to numerous mutations within mitochondrial DNA that affect how long males live, and the speed at which they age. He said: Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of ageing in females they only affect males. All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male ageing across the animal kingdom. The researchers said the mutations can be entirely attributed to a quirk in the way that mitochondrial genes are passed down from parents to offspring. Dr Dowling said: While children receive copies of most of their genes from both their mothers and fathers, they only receive mitochondrial genes from their mothers. This means that evolution’s quality control process, known as natural selection, only screens the quality of mitochondrial genes in mothers. If a mitochondrial mutation occurs that harms fathers, but has no effect on mothers, this mutation will slip through the gaze of natural selection, unnoticed. Over thousands of generations, many such mutations have accumulated that harm only males, while leaving females unscathed. The study builds on previous findings by Dr Dowling and his team who investigated the consequences of maternal inheritance of mitochondria in causing male infertility. Dr Dowling added: Together, our  research shows that the mitochondria are hotspots for mutations affecting male health. What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy.

Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston :: essays research papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston The novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, written by, Zora Neale Hurston, was full of imagination, imagery and phrasing. Janie’s character and dialogue seemed to slip wisdom into the reader’s head without them knowing their ingesting something deep and true. The ups and downs of Janie’s life have made her a stronger person. This is shown endless times throughout the novel. I feel that this story recognizes that there are endless problems to the human condition, such as the need to possess, fear of the unknowing and stagnation. However, the story does not give a feeling of hopelessness. Through Janie’s character, Ms. Hurston extends a recognition and understanding of humanity’s need to escape emptiness. â€Å"Dem meat skins is got tuh rattle tuh make out they’s alive.† (Hurston 183) Her solution is simple: â€Å"â€Å"Yuh got tuh go there tuh know there.† (Hurston 185) Janie sets out on a quest to make sense of inner questions. She does not sit back and let the tragedies in her life cripple her. Instead it strengthens her. Through questioning and discovery she better understands the world she lives in and how small a thing like happiness is comprised of, â€Å"If you kin see de light at daybreak, you don’t care if you die at dusk. It’s so many people never seen de light at all.† (Hurston 151) This quote caught my eye while I was reading because it makes you truly think of what really makes you happy in life. Janie married Logan Killicks for protection rather than love. He seemed to feel that he deserved to slap her around. Janie soon realizes that she is living in Nanny’s dreams rather than her own and decides to escape with Jody. A feeling of sudden newness and change came over her. â€Å"Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good.† (Hurston 32) This shows a great strength in her character because even if Joe was not there for her she would still be determined to change without him. Joe seems closer to her ideal, closer to the dream of marriage that she has. But, he represents a black man who wishes to gain wealth and power. From the beginning of their relationship there were signs that he was not the love Janie was looking for. â€Å"On the train the next day, Joe didn’t made many speeches with rhymes to her,

Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance.

Colonialism and Imperialism in Nectar in a Sieve Essay

Imperialism in Nectar in a Sievenbsp;nbsp; nbsp; The characters in the book Nectar in a Sieve had to deal with Western imperialism and they had to adapt to the changing ideas associated with Western imperialism. Throughout the book Rukmani had to struggle with her beliefs and how to cope with these changes. From the beginning Rukmani coped with these changes, from culture to her way of life, until the end of the book where even then her life was not through being changed. In the first instance Rukmani had to deal with a husband that was several castes below her. Usually if the woman was below the man she could probably do the work that he does, being used to the labor that is. Yet in Rukmani’s instance the man was below her,†¦show more content†¦We do not ask for charity, but for that which is our due’† (69). Although Rukmani’s sons lost their jobs they soon began to learn the white man’s ways, which led them to abandon the only home they knew of and venture into the city. Eventually Rukmani and her husband had to leave their home because their landlord decided to sell the property that they were renting. Their one son, Murugan, had left for the city and they had been hoping that he would take care of them. When they arrived, they discovered that he had skipped town, and deserted both his family and job. Rukmani and her husband, upon befriending a beggar child, knew not what to do about money. Being from a small town, money was only used in emergencies when they were short of food, needed to buy seed, or for some other necessary reason. Although they would buy the children goodies, such as candy, or fireworks, upon entering city life they soon discovered that money was for more than just necessity, an Rukmani was soon introduced to the western idea of materialism. After she went on a spending spree, she realized that some powerful force had taken control of her. She soon realized what everyone in the modern world would be trapped into, and that is mone y, and of planning for the future. â€Å"Plans, everyone had plans. They were all built on money. Save enough to keep dry, save enough to cast one’s chains, save enough to go away† (183). Yet we all know that it is an endless struggle and that our problems of moneyShow MoreRelatedIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesmore than infrequently that they have to guard themselves writing again, in English. Besides the legendary and hugely venerated Indian English literary personalities of Rabindranath Tagore or R K Narayan, later novelists like Kamala Markandaya (Nectar in a Sieve, Some Inner Fury, A Silence of Desire, Two Virgins), Manohar Malgaonkar (Distant Drum, Combat of Shadows, The Princes, A Bend in the Ganges and The Devil`s Wind), Anita Desai (Clear Light of Day, The Accompanist, Fire on the Mountain, Games at